ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To compare the methods for the con tent determination of polysaccharide and reducing sugar in Polygonatum cyrtonema， and to optimize the wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema . METHODS ： The contents of polysaccharide in P. cyrtonema were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method and phenol-sulfuric acid method. The contents of reducing sugar in P. cyrtonema were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method ， phenol-sulfuric acid method and 3， 5-dinitrosalicylic acid （DNS）method，respectively. Taking appearance and property scores of processed products ，the contents of polysaccharide，reducing sugar and total sugar as indicators ，the amount of alcohol added ，steaming time and moistening time as factors，the wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema was optimized by Latin square design. The contents of polysaccharide ， reducing sugar and total sugar were compared before and after steaming. RESULTS ：The linear ranges of polysaccharide and reducing sugar obtained by anthrone-sulfuric acid method were both 0.006 6-0.033 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ， stability（90 min）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3％ and 2％，respectively. Average recoveries were 99.75％（RSD＝ 0.48％，n＝6）and 103.40％（RSD＝1.25％，n＝6），respectively. The linear ranges of polysaccharide and reducing sugar obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid method were both 0.002 5-0.025 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 2）. RSDs of precision ，stability （90 min） and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5％ and 6％，respectively. Average recoveries were 112.80％（RSD＝2.36％，n＝6）and 99.20％（RSD＝3.47％，n＝6）. The linear range of reducing sugar obtained by DNS method was 0.01-0.18 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ，stability（90 min）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. Average recoveries was 96.95％（RSD＝ 1.19％，n＝6）. The optimal wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema included the amount of alcohol added of 20％，moistening time of 2 h and steaming time of 7 h. RSDs of average contents of polysaccharide ，reducing sugar and total sugar in wine-steamed products were all lower than 3％ in 3 times of validation tests （n＝3）. The average contents of polysaccharide ，reducing sugar and total sugar in 4 batches of P. cyrtonema were 16.3％，11.2％ and 27.4％；those of 4 batches of wine-steamed products were 3.4％， 61.0％ and 64.4％，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The anthrone- ） sulfuric acid method is the best for the determination of poly- saccharide in P. cyrtonema ；DNS method is the best for the pandongmei1228@126.com determination of reducing sugar in P. cyrtonema. The content ofpolysaccharide in wine-steamed products is decreased signifi- cantly，while the contents of reducing sugar and total sugar are increased significantly.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the value of spiral CT in diagnosis and its differiential diagnosis of adrenal hyperplasia char-acterized with solitary nodule.Methods 20 cases of adrenal hyperplasia characterized with solitary nodule and 28 adrenal adenomas confirmed by pathology underwent routine CT plain scan and multiphase enhanced CT scan.The density of nodule,capsule and de-gree of enhancement in each period were respectively analyzed and compared with the normal adrenal.The difference of CT value be-fore and after enhancement(△CT value)of the both was compared using pairing t test.Results 20 cases of adrenal hyperplasia nod-ules had no clear boundary with normal adrenal.Of which 1 5 cases showed isodensity,and their degree of enhancement was synchro-nized with normal adrenal;4 cases showed lower density,of which 2 had no enhancement,the other 2 obviously enhanced,but lower than normal adrenal;1 case showed mixed density mass,mainly composed of soft tissue,fat and punctuate calcification could be seen in it.Enhanced △CT values of 20 cases of adrenal hyperplasia nodule and normal adrenal were compared respectively,and there was no significant difference(P >0.05).28 cases of adrenal adenomas presented lower density than that of normal adrenal and had obvi-ous boundary between them.Enhanced △CT values in arterial phase of the lesion and normal adrenal showed significant statistically difference (P <0.05).Conclusion CT performance of adrenal hyperplasia with solitary nodule has specific characteristics,the densi-ty,capsule and enhanced mode will be helpful in differentiating from adrenal cortical adenoma.
ABSTRACT
PurposeTo evaluate 64-slice spiral CT in grading of colorectal adenoma and in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma.Materials and Methods Sixty-eight cases of pathology confirmed colorectal adenoma were retrospectively reviewed to analyze CT performance including the location, size, shape and their relationship with adjacent structures and degree of enhancement in arterial, venous and delayed phase. The difference of CT attenuation value before and after enhancement (△CT value) in arterial, venous and delay phase of different pathological types and different levels of adenomas were compared.Results Among 68 lesions, 16 were villous adenomas, 42 were tubulovillous adenomas and 10 were tubular adenomas. Villous adenomas and tubulovillous adenomas were characterized by wide base, villous-like with gyral or frond pattern enhancement in arterial phase. There was a layer of low density mucus covering the surface. Tubular adenomas were featured as narrow base, nodular in shape with homogeneous enhancement.△CT values in each phase between villous adenomas and tubular adenomas showed statistically significant difference (arterial phaset=2.56,P<0.05; venous phaset=3.22,P<0.05; delayed phaset=2.48,P<0.05), however no significant difference was shown between villous and tubule villous adenomas or between tubulovillous and tubular adenomas. Adenocarcinomas showed creeping-type growth along the intestinal wall with a cluster of vessels adjacent to the tumor or enlarged lymph nodes.△CT values in each phase between non-dysplasia group and carcinoma group showed statistically significant difference (arterial phaset=2.49,P<0.05; venous phase t=2.69,P<0.05; delayed phaset=2.75,P<0.05), however no significant difference was shown between non-dysplasia group and dysplasia group or between dysplasia group and carcinoma group. Using 50 HU of△CT value in artery phase as standard, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of adenocarcinomas were 76.92% and 70.91%, respectively.Conclusion CT findings of different pathological types of colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas are characteristic and useful in preoperative diagnosis and treatment planning.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the imaging features of solitary focal ground-glass opacity nodules (fGGO)by multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT)reconstruction technique in order to improve the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant fGGO and the diag-nosis of early-stage lung cancer.Methods 50 lesions confirmed by pathology were divided into three groups including preinvasive nodules in 19,invasive adenocarcinoma in 10 and benign ones in 21.All CT images were processed by coronal and sagittal recon-struction,maximum and minimum intensity projection (MIP & minIP)and VR.The relationships between fGGO and bronchus were divided into four types:Type Ⅰ with abruptly obstructed bronchus by the fGGO;Type Ⅱ with penetrated and conical inter-rupted bronchus by the fGGO;Type Ⅲ with normal bronchus;and Type Ⅳ with fGGO neighboring the bronchus.In addition,the relationships between fGGO and vessel were divided into three types:Type Ⅰ with normal vessel in or near the fGGO;Type Ⅱ with taper-like narrowed or interrupted one in fGGO;and Type Ⅲ with obstructed one by the fGGO.The clinical data,lesion type,mar-gin,internal structure (air bronchograms/vacuole sign),adjacent structures (vascular convergence/pleural retraction)and the rela-tionships between lesion and adjacent bronchus or vessel were statistically analyzed.Results No statistical differences between three groups were found in the sex of patient and lesion type.A significant difference was found in the age of patients (P=0.005)with less age in benign group than that in preinvasive or invasive adenocarcinoma group.The margin,internal and adjacent structures of the lesions were significantly different (P<0.05).Among the different types of relationship between fGGO and brochus,type Ⅱand Ⅲ were often seen in the preinvasive and the invasive adenocarcinoma groups (the invasive adenocarcinoma often with type Ⅱ), and the type Ⅲ and Ⅳ were in the benign group (benign nodules only with the type Ⅳ).Among the types of relationship between fGGO and vessel,type Ⅱ was seen commonly in the preinvasive group, type Ⅲ often in the invasive adenocarcinoma group,and type Ⅰ only in the benign group.Conclusion The suggested signs with malignant possibility may include the older age,the lesions with lobulated and/or speculated margin,air bronchograms,vacuole sign,pleural retraction around the lesion,vascular convergence sign,and obstructed or cone-shaped narrowed bronchi or vessels in or near the nodules.Thin-section imaging reconstruction techniques help to fully display these signs.